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The immune system is also closely involved in tumor development. From a clinicopathological point of view, snoRNA and its derived fragments as well as lncSNHG are associated with clinical outcomes in patients ( 15– 17). From the perspective of tumor development, snoRNAs and lncSNHGs are involved in regulating the malignant biological behavior of tumor cells such as Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT), cell cycle progression, proliferation, invasion, and evasion of apoptosis ( 10– 14). From a tumorigenesis perspective, the risk of developing tumors increases due to the mutations in snoRNAs and upregulation of lncSNHGs expression ( 7– 9). The dysregulation of snoRNAs and lncSNHGs in a variety of cancers has attracted increasing interest, as they affect tumor development through multiple mechanisms and can be linked to clinic pathology. The primary SNHGs RNA transcripts, which include all exons and introns and their snoRNAs, are cleaved into different parts: introns are processed into snoRNAs and mainly function in the nucleolus, exons are re-spliced and function in the cytoplasm, and the full-length transcript, including exons, is retained and functions as Long Non-Coding RNA SNHGs (lncSNHGs) ( 3– 6). Most snoRNAs are encoded in introns of protein-coding and non-protein-coding genes, called Small Nucleolar RNA Host Genes (SNHGs). Small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) are a class of ncRNAs ranging from 60 to 300 nt in length and are closely associated with the splicing and processing of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) precursors, post-transcriptional modification processes, and ribosome biosynthesis ( 2). Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) regulate gene expression at the transcriptional, RNA processing, and translation levels ( 1). By uncovering the changes and roles of lncSNHGs and snoRNAs in different immune cells, we aim to provide a better understanding of how the transcripts of SNHGs participate in tumorigenesis from an immune perspective. Here, we discuss the expression, mechanism of action, and potential clinical relevance of lncSNHGs and snoRNAs in regulating different types of immune cells that are closely related to anti-tumor immunity. It is particularly important to understand how lncSNHGs and snoRNAs regulate the immune cell function to manipulate anti-tumor immunity. Certain immune cell types carry out distinct roles to participate in each step of tumorigenesis. Although lncSNHGs and snoRNAs are well established to play pivotal roles in tumorigenesis, how lncSNHGs and snoRNAs regulate the immune cell behavior and function to mediate anti-tumor immunity remains further illustrated. The small nucleolar RNA host genes (SNHGs) are a group of genes that can be transcript into long non-coding RNA SNHG (lncSNHG) and further processed into small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs). 2Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.1Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.Hao Xiao 1,2† Xin Feng 1,2† Mengjun Liu 1,2† Hanwen Gong 1,2 Xiao Zhou 1,2*